The USS Constitution is a wooden-hulled, three-masted heavy frigate launched in Pride and Prejudice , Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice was published in and recounts the story of the Bennett family, and the daughters' relationships.
It was written and edited over about fifteen years with a rejection on its initial submission. Originally published anonymously it is not necessarily an easy read for either the original period's readers or from a modern perspective. Its televisual rendition is a better rendition for us to understand. British Burn Down Washington D. The event took place on August 24th , Norway Gains Independence , Norway had been a part of the Kingdom of Denmark but due to conditions created by the Napoleonic wars the country was given to Sweden to avoid further occuption and conflict.
This event sparked an independence movement within Norway that contributed to the creation of a Norwegian constitution in May of In the end, Norway did agree to a precarious union with Sweden but had created their own constitution. Norway would be in a union with Sweden until Napoleon Abdicates the French Throne , In , Napoleon was forced to abdicate the French throne after he was surrounded by opposing forces and Paris was captured by the "Sixth Coalition" of allied forces.
After his abdication in April of , Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea. He escaped from Elba in and was eventually exiled to the island of Saint Helena where he later died.
Battle Of Waterloo , Napoleon had returned to Paris from his imprisonment on Elba without much in the way of opposition, and had collected many of his old troops and commanders on the march.
The Allies met in Vienna and decided that they would not accept the Emperor's peaceful overtures. He had decided to break up their amalgamation with an attack on them before they got to France, and battle was joined at Waterloo in Belgium on June 18th. The size of the armies at Waterloo is listed as: 68, British, 45, Prussians, and France's 72, soldiers.
Argentina Gains independence , Argentina becomes independent of Spain on July 9th , which is an interesting footnote, or comparison to the Falkland Islands having been landed on for the first time by an English ship in Indiana Became the 19th State , The State's delegates had started to meet in Corydon, and had held a constitutional convention early in the year. They had followed the State Convention with an application for Congress to recognize them. This was granted on December 11th, and Indiana became the 19th U.
Your Committee wish to observe, that a most salutary system is adopted here, viz the transport of the patients in a litter belonging to the establishment, thereby preventing the use of coaches or sedan chairs; one of the means by which the contagion is circulated unchecked, and they hope the other hospitals will see the necessity of adopting some such arrangement.
Indeed, from the indifference to contagion which seems to exist in some these establishments, it is a matter of surprise to your Committee that more fatal results do not occur. Your Committee have learnt with great pain, that in all the Hospitals of London a great proportion of patients are weekly refused admission, in most of them from want of room; in one of them the Middlesex Hospital from a deficiency of funds.
Any plan, therefore, that would lighten the burden which now weight down these establishments, would, to the minds of your Committee, be of great public usefulness. But if the entire removal of cases of fever from all the Hospitals, may be considered injurious to them as schools of medicine, the diminution of the number of such admissions might ease the finances of some establishments , and leave room in others for patients suffering under diseases of a different character.
Your Committee have been informed, that it is the practice in all the Hospitals to mix cases of contagious fever indiscriminately with other patients; it has, however, been stated to them by some medical authorities, that, practically speaking, no evil has arisen from their intermixture; but, with due deference to such opinion, the acknowledged fact, that in some hospitals the fever has been generated; that patients admitted under one disease have caught in the hospital another; that the medical practitioners and attendants have been attacked themselves by the disease; and that most fatal effects have been therefrom produced - all these facts fully satisfy your Committee that the practice above alluded to, if not altogether abandoned, ought to be resorted to with great precaution, and to a most limited extent.
As long as fever cases can be diluted through a large ward, with proper attention to ventilation, scarcely any danger of contagion may arise; but in a period of epidemic, such as existed in the late and present year, when all the hospitals were crowded with patients assailed by the prevailing disease of fever, great hazard must be run, and the experience of this year has demonstrated the danger and evil of the system.
As the great preservative against contagion is a free circulation of air, patients labouring under chronic disorders cannoty with propriety be subjected to the same treatment, and a system of medical police which is essential ion the one case to prevent the spreading of the disease, becomes highly prejudicial in the other; besides, a greater prejudice prevails; and your Committee cannot consider it as unfounded, among the poorer classes of society, who are the main objects of these establishments, against either entering themselves or sending their relatives into these hospitals, on account of the hazard of infection to which they are exposed.
The events of the last year are not certainly calculated to weaken these opinions, and your Committee feel assured, that to diminish the number of fever cases in every hospital, by increasing the powers of receiving them in institutions exclusively set apart for that disease, would not only dfo away with the impression on the public mind alluded to, but contribute most materially to the relief and good arrangements of those hospitals, the wards of which are now exposed to be indiscriminately filled with patients labouring under diseases in all their different stages of suffering and malignity.
An inquest takes evidence about a fatal train crash at New Cross. As Downing Street changes hands again, we dip into the archives to find out what happened in when ill-health forced William Gladstone to quit in favour of his foreign secretary Lord Rosebery. This extract originally appeared in The Northern Echo. The th anniversary of Shakespeare is being well marked around the nation, and around the globe and the Globe. But how was the th anniversary marked? Drawn from a range of sources - including diaries, newspaper reports, biography and more - a range of voices from the 19th Century.
We invite you to discuss this subject, but remember this is a public forum. Please be polite, and avoid your passions turning into contempt for others. We may delete posts that are rude or aggressive, or edit posts containing contact details or links to other websites. If you enjoyed this, why not follow a feed to find out when we have new things like it?
Choose an RSS feed from the list below. Don't know what to do with RSS feeds? Remember, you can also make your own, personal feed by combining tags from around OpenLearn. For further information, take a look at our frequently asked questions which may give you the support you need.
Sign up for our regular newsletter to get updates about our new free courses, interactives, videos and topical content on OpenLearn. Newsletter sign-up. OpenLearn works with other organisations by providing free courses and resources that support our mission of opening up educational opportunities to more people in more places. All rights reserved. The Open University is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority in relation to its secondary activity of credit broking.
Skip to content Study with The Open University. Search for free courses, interactives, videos and more! Free Learning from The Open University. Featured content. Free courses. When it became evident that the American colonists were winning their war of independence, those who had fought for the British faced an uncertain future.
These included former slaves who had fought on the understanding that they would gain their freedom at the end of the conflict.
Around 75, loyalists decided to leave, most of them going to the British North American colonies in what is now Canada, others to the West Indies and some to Britain. In , more than 1, freed slaves and their families who had gone to Nova Scotia left Canada to settle in Sierra Leone, West Africa. After three brief ministries had failed, the William Pitt the Younger became Britain's prime minister at the age of His father, William Pitt the Elder had held the office twice, in the s.
His critics said that the nation had been 'entrusted to a schoolboy's care'. He successfully curbed the national debt, fought revolutionary France, restructured the government of India and passed the Act of Union with Ireland in Exhausted and in poor health, he died in Since , Britain had transported convicts to its North American colonies, until this was ended by the American War of Independence. On 13 May , penal transportation resumed with a fleet of convict ships setting out from Portsmouth for Botany Bay.
This marked the beginning of transportation to Australia. The committee was formed by 12 men, the majority of them Quakers. The two non-Quakers, Granville Sharp and Thomas Clarkson, devoted their lives to the cause of abolishing slavery. These men provided MP William Wilberforce with material to assist his parliamentary efforts to abolish the slave trade. They wrote books and pamphlets and produced prints and posters to publicise the cause. Clarkson travelled tirelessly through England, organising local abolition committees, rallies and petitions and collecting information on slavery from sailors and others who had been involved in the slave trade.
Pressure from abolitionists and detailed information gathered on the transatlantic slave trade resulted in the first parliamentary investigation of the trade. Abolitionist Thomas Clarkson led the fact-finding mission, while member of parliament William Wilberforce became the parliamentary spokesman.
There was mass public support for the abolition of the slave trade - in alone, pro-abolition petitions were sent to Parliament, signed by between 60, and , people. Originally founded in as the 'Daily Universal Register', the publication was re-named 'The Times' three years later.
It is Britain's oldest surviving newspaper with continuous daily publication, and for much of its history has been regarded as the newspaper of record.
Newspapers have been published in Britain since the early 16th century, but it was not until the early 18th century that regular daily newspapers were produced. George III probably suffered from porphyria, a rare hereditary disease marked by severe attacks of pain and mental instability.
For four months in he was incapacitated by his illness, raising the possibility a 'regent' having to rule on his behalf. This regency crisis was averted by the George's sudden recovery. Olaudah Equiano was a former slave who settled in London and became closely involved in the abolition movement. His autobiography 'The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano' is one of the earliest known examples of a published work by a black writer.
The public was fascinated by the story of a slave who converted to Christianity, learned to read and write and, by trading on the side, earned enough money to buy his freedom.
The book became a bestseller. The storming of the Bastille prison in Paris is generally held to mark the beginning of the French Revolution. This was a world-shattering event, in which the French monarchy was overthrown, the king, Louis XVI, executed and a republic established.
It stimulated political debate in Britain between British Jacobins pro-revolutionaries, named after the Jacobin Club in Paris , some of whom were republicans, and loyalists, who stressed the virtues of the existing British constitution. MP William Wilberforce introduced a bill to abolish the slave trade in May The bill was stalled and eventually consideration of the question was moved to a select committee.
A general election again delayed progress and when the bill eventually came to a vote, it was passed by the Commons but defeated by the Lords.
Between and a number of further unsuccessful attempts were made to enact parliamentary legislation which would either control or abolish the slave trade. The spirit of 'liberty, equality and fraternity' that stemmed from the French Revolution of had inspired the establishment of radical societies in Britain. In January , the 'London Corresponding Society', the most prominent of these organisations, was formed under the leadership of Thomas Hardy, a Scottish shoemaker.
The LCS debated the need for parliamentary reform. It advocated universal male suffrage, a secret ballot and annual parliaments. The government banned the LCS in A British settlement had been established in the area of West Africa now known as Sierra Leone in , but the community was almost entirely wiped out due to failed crops and disease.
In a group of 1, people left Nova Scotia to establish a community of free black people in Sierra Leone. Many of these settlers were black men and women who had fought for the British in the American War of Independence. In , Britain attained complete mastery of the seas at the Battle of Trafalgar, but by Napoleon Bonaparte, the emperor of France, was master of continental Europe.
War continued until the final defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in St Domingue had the largest slave population and was the wealthiest colony in the Caribbean. When a slave rebellion broke out, panic spread among slave owners all over the region. British troops were ordered to invade St Domingue, but disease and Toussaint L'Ouverture's irregular army forced them to withdraw. In Napoleon sent a French army to crush the rebellion. Toussaint was captured and imprisoned in France, where he died, but his army triumphed and on 1 January declared the Republic of Haiti.
Two mutinies broke out in the Royal Navy after clashes between seamen and officers over pay and conditions. There were fears in that such disturbances might be the trigger for a French-style revolution. The Spithead mutiny near Portsmouth ended in a royal pardon for the crew. At the Nore on the Thames Estuary , the mutiny was starved out and one of the ringleaders, Richard Parker, was hanged. Mutinies occurred in several European navies in the s. After failing to secure French assistance, the rebellion was ruthlessly crushed by British forces.
It effectively ended with the capture of Tone in October of the same year. He was sentenced to hang, but took his own life first. William Pitt the Younger's government passed two acts making it illegal for working men to form combinations in which their political rights were discussed. They were among several repressive measures designed to stifle any catalysts for a French-style revolution in Britain.
The Combination Acts were repealed in and The Irish parliament in Dublin was dissolved. Despite the Union, Catholics were still unable to vote at general elections or to hold parliamentary and most public offices.
The census was introduced to help the government understand the demographic layout of the country and better utilise the population in times of war. A census of England and Wales, and a separate one of Scotland, has been taken ever since on a ten-yearly basis, with the exception of In the census, information was collected on a parish basis and there were no details on individual households.
It was not until the census that more detailed information was requested. He accurately charted many parts of the Australian coast that had not been surveyed by Captain James Cook on his voyages between and In , the combined fleets of France and Spain faced the Royal Navy in the last great battle of the age of sail, at Cape Trafalgar off the coast of Spain. It seems likely that the French emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte, had already abandoned his plans for the invasion of England, but the victory nonetheless handed Britain complete control of the seas.
In , parliament passed an act to abolish the supply of slaves on British ships to foreign and conquered colonies. This was followed up by the total abolition of the British slave trade in It ended more than years of slave trading.
The Abolition of Slavery Act, passed in , freed all slaves in the British empire and provided for compensation for their owners. The British West Africa Squadron was established by the Royal Navy to suppress illegal slave trading along the West African coast after the abolition of the slave trade in By , nearly , people had been freed by the Squadron's anti-slavery operations. The Squadron continued its work until the early 20th century. During two years of high unemployment, textile workers known as Luddites named after their mythical leader 'Ned Ludd' sabotaged machinery in the woollen, cotton and hosiery industries in Nottinghamshire, Lancashire and Yorkshire.
The government infiltrated the protesters with spies and sent 12, troops to Yorkshire in to stop further industrial violence. The Hampden clubs were the first major societies devoted to parliamentary reform following the demise of the London Corresponding Society in The LCS had advocated universal male suffrage, a secret ballot and annual parliaments. The clubs were named after John Hampden, a parliamentary opponent of Charles I. They were banned in Corn prices had halved following the end of the Napoleonic wars, creating a panic among farmers.
The laws imposed heavy tariffs on imports of foreign grain. They were repealed in The Battle of Waterloo was a decisive victory for Britain and its allies in the Napoleonic wars. The British general who masterminded the victory, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, had once been dismissed by Napoleon Bonaparte as a 'sepoy general' a derisive reference to his service in India.
Napoleon was forced to abdicate as emperor of France a few days later. He was sent into exile on the small Atlantic island of St Helena, where he died.
Working class men devoted to parliamentary reform began a march from Manchester to London to publicise their case to the government. They were nicknamed 'Blanketeers' after the blankets they carried. The marchers were dispersed by troops before they reached Stockport.
0コメント